King Arthur Essay examples -- Essays Papers

King Arthur Character AnalysisAlthough King Arthur is one of the most well-known figures in the world, his true identity remains a mystery. Attempts to identify the historical Arthur have been unsuccessful, since he is largely a product of fiction. Most historians, though, agree that the real Arthur was probably a battle leader of the Britons against the Anglo-Saxons in the sixthth century. In literature, King Arthurs character is unique and ever changing, taking on a different face in every work. There is never a clearly definitive picture that identifies Arthurs character. It is therefore necessary to look at a few different sources to get better insight into the character of Arthur, the in one case and future king. GRAPHArthurian literature can be divided into two basic categories, pseudo-histories and romances. The main difference between the two is that pseudo-histories such as Wace and much of the Celtic work, for example, Geoffrey of Mo nmouth show Arthur as a strong, central character, making him the dominant figure in the story. He is the one who goes on quests and battles, gaining respect and glorification for his court. In romances, however, Arthur is most often overshadowed by his knights, staying mainly in the background as the source and the inspiration behind their great chivalric deeds. GRAPHThe graduation exercise written chronicle of Arthurs adventures comes from Nennius, a monk from North Wales. In his ninth century writing, Nennius tells of Arthurs twelve victories over the Saxons but describes him only as a dux bellorum a leader of battles and not a king. It was Geoffrey of Monmouth who first proclaimed Arthur as king in his twelft... ... continues to personify the ideal of the chivalric code and remains a glorious, beloved, and respected king whose authority stays intact despite his weaknesses. These qualities make King Arthur a true legend, which continues t o fascinate and intrigue audiences throughout the generations. Sources of information Abrams, M. H. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. virgin York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1993. Cavallo, Adolfo Salvatore.Medieval Tapestries in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993. Lacy, Norris J. The Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York Peter Bedrick Books, 1986. Broughton, Bradford B. Dictionary of Medieval Knighthood and Chivalry Concepts and Terms. New York Greenwood Press, 1986. Camelot and Arthurian Legend Arthur. online 4/27/98 http//www.eliki.com/ancient/myth/camelot/arthur

Lee Tamahoris Once Were Warriors Essay -- Movie Film Essays Once Were

Lee Tamahoris formerly Were WarriorsFilmic technique plays a vital role in the centering an audience looks at a character or auberge in a whole. Lee Tamahoris film Once were warriors calls filmic technique in the crafting of the characters, the roles they squeeze and the society they live in. Filmic Technique helps to exhibit the Heke family as trapped in society, with a vicious cycle of alcohol, violence, male domination, unemployment and pointless parties. In order to deform and free themselves from the vicious cycle or to just find peace and happiness each character has a way of escaping the harsh reality of the society they live in. The choice to escape is theirs, and the route they take can be looked at as either real or fantasy. The opening shot of Once were warriors begins with an idyllic and placid landscape, stereotypical of the beautiful scenery of New Zealand. It is presented as pure serenity it can be any place, any time. The picture is frozen, attractive as a pict ure. There is no pollution or garbage to be seen. No signs of human life, and is free of all the hustle and bustle of city. The medicament supports the idyllic image, with a serene and tranquil tone in the flow of the music. The music benefits the picture, and helps the audience create a perfect moment in their mind. As the camera pans left, the audience is feed the sound of busy city life. The complete opposite to the image the audience had experienced just moments before. The soundtrack is vital, as it creates a use up image to match the visual that the audience sees. The audience at this point must recognise the difference between the two scenes and realise why it was utilise. The use of soundtrack and carefully structured images creates an uneasy tension in... ... warriors. But unlike your Jake, they were people with munnah, pride people with spirit . If my spirit can survive living with you for 18 years, thus I can survive anything. The use of filmic technique, at Graces funeral helps to convey the release of the Hekes entrapment. The use of soft tones and a lie setting sky creates a sense that they are at peace now. Jake and his influences no longer trap them. Throughout the film Once Were Warriors filmic technique is used to convey each member of the Heke family as trapped in one way or another. If not by their own actions, resulting in their own downfall, then by their influencing society. Lee Tamahori takes full advantage of filmic technique to create a powerful and dramatic film. The film captures the audiences not just by looking at domestic violence, but the way it affect those it reflects on.

Essay --

hearty Problems in SocietyInsert NameCourse, Class, SemesterInstitutionInstructorDate Social Problems in SocietiesSocial problems can be defined as a mixer condition that is perceived to be harmful, either directly or indirectly, to more than just a few people or the society in general. They therefore bring a very wide scope. Social problems whitethorn include poverty, drugs and alcoholism, racism, teenage pregnancy, abortion, environmental pollution/global warming, revenue enhancement reform and social discrimination (e.g. against homosexuals), among many others (Ritzer, 2004). This paper will try to criticaly examine social problems in societies. Social problems can be said to have two key components. First, social problems are considered to be an objective condition thus some aspects of the society that can be experienced and measured. Like abortion (a social problem), the objective condition includes whether abortion is legal, under what circumstances should it be performe d and who obtains it. The second key component of a social problem is the subjective veneration, the concern that a significant number of people (or a number of significant people) have about the objective condition. The subjective concern about abortion may include some peoples distress that any woman must give birth to an unwanted child. It also includes other peoples distress that any woman would terminate the life of her unborn child. This opinion differs around the world with different countries having different opinions.According to Dolch, Deutschmann and Powell (2007) Social problems in societies campaign to have certain characteristic, that include1.Social problems are relativeWhat is considered a social problem for some, on the contrary, is consid... ...media. They include unemployment, poverty, dicscrimination and much more. This paper has tried to critically addresses social problems in society and examines its characteristisc for a better understanding of social probl ems from a psychological point of view. ReferencesBumiller, K. (1992). The Civil Rights Society The social construction of victims. Baltimore u.a. Johns Hopkins University Press. Dolch, N. A., Deutschmann, L. B., & Powell, H. (2007). Social problems A case study approach. Lanham, MD Lexington Books.Hitchcock, S. T. (2007). Roe v. wade Protecting a womans right to choose. New York Chelsea House. Mooney, L. A., Knox, D., & Schacht, C. (2013). Understanding social problems. Belmont, Calif Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Ritzer, G. (2004). Handbook of social problems A comparative international perspective. Thousand Oaks u.a. Sage Publ.

English Media Coursework (Saving Private Ryan) Essay examples -- essay

Analyze the methods used to make the opening battle season of Saving clubby Ryan some(prenominal) shocking and real(a)istic, and say how effective you find it as an introduction to the filmSteven Spielbergs master piece Saving Private Ryan earned itself 5 academy a struggleds, including the best director award in 1998. The all star cast starring Tom Hanks, Matt Damon, Tom Sizemore and Edward Burns brings to life the horror of war. Seen through and through the eyes of a squad of American soldiers, the story begins with World War 2s historic D-Day invasion, then moves beyond the border as the custody embark on a dangerous special mission. Captain John Miller (Tom Hanks) must take his men behind enemy lines to find Private James Ryan, whose three brothers have been killed in combat. Faced with impossible odds, the men question their orders. Why are eight men risking their lives to save just unrivaled? Surrounded by the brutal realities of war, each man searches for his own ans wer-and the strength to triumph over an uncertain future with honor, decency and fortitude.Saving Private Ryan earned its awards for saving back the realism of World War 2 and for portraying what the shocking chances of survival were at the historic battle of Omaha beach on D-Day in June 1944. Omaha beach was only one of the invasion sites of the American, British and Canadian coalition forces. The special reason why Steven Spielberg chose to direct his movie with Omaha beach as its backdrop was ascribable to the fact that taboo of all the other landing sites, Omaha beach was the bloodiest battle field and it took 15,000 lives of young American soldiers to capture the beach. In the past, war genre films meant hard-core action and a hero waging a one man war against an army, a typical movie would be Rambo 3. Although it is based on a aline story, it did not take one American to battle the whole Russian army with a bow and arrow. Saving Private Ryan brings back to life the real h eroes that fought in a war, men who were willing to give up their lives just to make a difference, now that ultimate sacrifice is what true heroism is. In a way Saving Private Ryan was finally able to create a difference between action genre films like Rambo 3 and war genre films like Black Hawk Down, and define completely new conventions of war genre films.The realism of the movie is what gave the movie its academy awards. A some explosions cannot bring back ... ...n the beach. Hundreds of bodies lay dead, the music although creates a peaceful effect, the first reaction of a sentimental audience would be tears dripping out of their eyes. The final shot of the scene is the close up on Peter Ryan laying dead on the beach with a bloody surge rushing in. The ending scene was probably the most effective scene of all because it immediately shows the reality and chaos war brings to mankind and what kind of courage it takes people to rise up against it.Overall I think Steven Spielberg h as created a masterpiece in re-creating D-Day. Not only that, the way the whole battle sequence followed and linked each other was remarkable. I mean to say the graveyard, the old veteran crying, the music, really prepared me to expect the next scene to be a battle. But I did not know it was going to be that chaotic and brutal that it literally shocked and surprised me. The accuracy and the, idea of hand held cameras really involved me with the movie and I think thats what I enjoyed the most, the realism of the movie convinced me that, that is how D-Day happened. Saving Private Ryan was definitely worth watching, it has taken the war film genre to a whole new level.

Struggling with Death in The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay -- Papers Gilgame

Struggling with Death in The Epic of GilgameshIn the ?Epic of Gilgamesh,? Gilgamesh deals with an issue that nearly destroyed him. He sought after immortality so lots that he put his own life on the edge. Centuries later, this quest unites our high tech, fast paced culture with the remote and different culture of Gilgamesh. Humanity has yet to commence the secret of letting go of the idea of everlasting life.Many people today hold on to the topic of immortality because they find it so difficult to state goodbye to a loved one. Placing flowers on graves is a popular way to remember the deceased. Even years after the person has died, the family members and friends still go to the gravesite to reminisce. People find it difficult to accept the fact that they will never see someone again. They want to believe that the person is still there. Gilgamesh had the same problem. He made the journey looking for his friend. He couldn?t deal with the fact that Enkidu had died. He wan ted him to live forever. Gilgamesh even went as far as approximately sacrificing his life to find him...

Struggling with Death in The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay -- Papers Gilgame

Struggling with Death in The Epic of GilgameshIn the ?Epic of Gilgamesh,? Gilgamesh deals with an bring on that nearly destroyed him. He sought after immortality so much that he put his own life on the edge. Centuries later, this quest unites our high tech, ready paced culture with the remote and different culture of Gilgamesh. Humanity has yet to find the secret of letting go of the idea of everlasting life.Many people right a fashion hold on to the topic of immortality because they find it so difficult to say goodbye to a loved one. Placing flowers on graves is a popular way to remember the deceased. Even years after the person has died, the family members and friends still go to the gravesite to reminisce. People find it difficult to accept the fact that they will never suck someone again. They want to believe that the person is still there. Gilgamesh had the same problem. He made the journey looking for his friend. He couldn?t deal with the fact that Enkidu had die d. He wanted him to live forever. Gilgamesh even went as far as almost sacrificing his life to find him...

Standards Based Education: The Base for Improving Schools

Since nearly twenty years, study in the United republics has been potently impacted by metres movement. Linked proximally to evaluation and answerability, standard-based elucidates, not like most other upbringingal systems like open discipline, behavioral goals, and least ability, has gained land in an extremely severe and all-encompassing style. Right from p arents to policy-makers, there is an ardent countrywide support to use standards as the base for improving civilizes. (The Virginia timeworns of Learning)As per collins Cobuild dictionary, a standard is a stage of tincture or execution, particularly a stage which is acquireed to be good enough. It is something used to calculate or pugnacious the quality or item of something, for instance, the degree of selectity of a piece of work. In the sphere of education, a standard is a word that describes a increase body of fellowship and set of expertise which is the foundation for quality education. They put across wh at every student must know and be capable to perform, moreover do not state pedagogy.Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching- nurture-assessment process? ) The quintessence of a standard is to depict a take of knowledge or performance that is necessary for some reason. For instance, there is a standard fixed by the telephone companies relating to the manner operators communicate with the customers, by the State Government to deliver driving licenses, a intensity of accuracy is necessary for building autos, and a set of unambiguous strategy for assessing gymnastics, diving, and ice skating.In an akin manner, teachers employ objectives of the students to find out what will be imparted, and as a criterion for making grades for students work. Each of these standards has two parts an composition of what will be recognized or performed, and a suggestion of quality of its performance. In education, these two magnitudes have been augured as heart and soul standard and performance standards, and they point out to fairly diverse concepts, each having a separate set of connotation. (The Virginia Standards of Learning) Discuss the positive effects and attributes of standard-based education.In standard-based education, the syllabus and units of study are intelligibly delineated, comprehended by the teachers and students and conveyed to every employee, families and the community. Standard-based education system will promote fair play, foster learning of students and strengthen answerability. (Standards-Based Education www. thompson. k12. co. us) Establishing standards is a vital and effectual learning instrument as they state distinct prospect of what every student must have an understanding and capable of doing with the language.They can be demonstrative of(predicate) to various populations like the state, districts and school, teachers, student and parents. Establishing a subject area standard lets to setting aside for identical chance for every student. To start with every student is tryd against the aforesaid(prenominal) standards. In the absence of a universal standard and every teacher establishing his or her independent standard, the expectation of the school on their student will be diverse. As there will be no element for comparison, instruction as well as assessment cannot be unswerving.Secondly, in the event of establishing a topic standard, it is obvious what the students will be learning at various stages of their education. Examination provided by the state can assess the development of the student towards achievement of the standard. The students who are failing in achieving the standards can be stipulation preliminary, efficient help. (Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching-learning-assessment process? ) Discuss the benefits for both pedagog and student. Standards set students to fix particular objectives with understanding of th e particular prospect and norms for success.This lets to set objectives that are take a leakable. The evenness of a standard based procedure currently opens opportunities to singles. Customized learning methods, learning at ones independent speed, identification of the specific learning that requires to happen, countenance in describing the manner in which and what students are required to be aware and be capable to perform to have the age suitable standard, as observed by several remarks. (Standard-based Education schools. coventryschools. net) The transition to standards-based evaluation aids in building a culture of success in which every student can attain a satisfactory standard.In cuticle of students, standard established apparent performance prospects, aiding them to comprehend what they are required to do so as to fulfill the standards. These works lets the students to exhibit their knowledge, including the norm for evaluation. This gives students and parents with valu able entropy regarding the performance towards fulfilling the standards. Besides, while dealing with standards based syllabus, schools will be competent to accounting the growth of the student towards attaining the standards by stating the yardsticks they have attained.Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching-learning-assessment process? ) Standards are very impartially described. This lets teachers to employ their ingenuity and expertise to find out which strategies function optimally with both individual as well as a concourse of students. (Standard-based Education schools. coventryschools. net) Standards assist teachers devise syllabus, guidelines and evaluation on the basis of what is vital to have knowledge about.Standards gives the information required to train educators in shaping the development of students in achieving the standards, as stated in the syllabus. Teachers, the educational institution and the state are responsible for the education of the student based on the achievement of these standards. As the standards give a transparent and structured perspective for evaluation, it is thus likely to find out the degree to which the standards have been achieved. (Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching-learning-assessment process? )How does standard-based education improve education? Standard-based education has come to be widespread political reform group as it mingles a lot of factors that concentrates on what is normally construed to be a failing public school. This has resulted to provide an importance on exalted standards that means improved or more challenging or world class standards. During 1999, the communityal Education Summit evaluated the standards association since 1996, deciding that the danger of deteriorating quality of education be first of all found out in A Nation at Risk in 1983 stays in 1999.The piece states, the American citizens exhi bit that it evidently comprehends that our haunting economic strength, cordial permanence, quality of life is dependent on our capability to radically progress our schools. The report further declares that the promises to increased standards have unambiguously come to be a central factor in a countrywide movement to kindle school performance. Of late, the research undertaken by an institute Public Agenda point out to a popular displeasure among college teachers and employers of students underlying skills.A second feature of standard-based improvements stresses superior performance of every student. This is a matter of fairness. Supporters of standards-based education consider that poor performing students did not have access to equal education as persistent abysmal expectations from these students have been responsible for their low performance. Therefore, it is reasoned that standard-based improvement will enhance education in case of financially deprived and minority group stu dents by increasing the prospects. (The Virginia Standards of Learning)The rising difference in the earning levels in US will be lessened as the existing gap as regards education between low and high performing students is lowered. Standards, it is debated, smoothens the playing field, and will result in less sorting based for the most part on social class and ethic category which they belong. In the event students do not display achieving the standards, then in that case solution and withholding might be suitable. A third feature is the manner in which the standards are linked to rewards and encouragement.As against much of the research that has stressed the significance of child-centered, developmentally suitable procedures to education, standards-based supporters consider that rivalry and external rewards will encourage students and enhance performance. This is founded mostly on edginess with earlier movements aimed by educators, and the activity in other nations, together with outside(a) studies, which imply American students trailing. Fundamentally, the contention is that American schools and students require external inducements to endeavor for higher levels of performance.At present, 20 states give financial help to schools wherein students perform in a better manner on standard-based tests. Fourth, there is an increased statewide and federal evaluation and influence over schools is required. The seeming urgency is to set up a single set of standards and one wide-ranging vision in case of all students cutting across all grade levels. The thrust for national standards during the mid-1990s has resulted to an ardent involvement across the state since the stage at which standards-based educational policy is made and executed.Due to this, a lot of meetings, publications, and reports regarding standards-based improvement have been produced by organizations which are responsive to the requirements of the policy-makers of the state. (The Virginia Standards of Learning) What is the best process for developing an effective curriculum when dealing with the standard-based education. The goal of the curriculum as per the Standards is to execute certain jobs within a specific time frame. These jobs must be accomplished in a specific order.At the time a student learns a subject in this way, he/she builds on existing knowledge. It becomes simpler in case of students to go on learning, when they have a basis of knowledge. As Maurice Johnson describes in his Schema, Structure is a fundamental feature of curriculum (EDE 6205 Elementary tame Curriculum) I think that there is an urgency on our part to perform more to assess our curriculum. In case we are adhering to the Standards as outlined, our assessment of the results has to be more proficient.The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test FCAT gives scanty information on the efficacy of the Standard based curriculum. To evaluate learning appropriately, it is required that we are capable of accessin g what background knowledge a student is equipped and what knowledge he has amassed after the training. Iowa State University administers a programme in which they supply syllabus written in accordance with the standards the school desires. The effectiveness of that particular curriculum is assessed two times in a year. educatees are tested initially in the beginning of the year as also during the end of the year. This testing is done annually. This method gives a more efficient manner of estimating the quantity of learning that is being imparted. (EDE 6205 Elementary School Curriculum) FCAT in all means cannot be a productive instrument in calculating the quantum of learning which is happening. The calculations are extended out and accidental. Prior to the establishment of the Sunshine State Standards in May 1996, the primary state curriculum guidance was the Minimum Student Performance Standards.These standards gave the source for the Statewide Student Assessment Tests. With a vi ew to raising the academic challenge in Florida, the Sunshine State Standards were formed. They were supposed to attain over the minimum capabilities to challenging academic standards. According to Tyler, while formulating any curriculum plan of instruction one should choose what the educational objective must the school look for to achieve. Subsequently, what are the educational experiences which can be given which are expected to achieve these objectives?Thirdly, the manner in which these educational experiences be expeditiously managed, and lastly how we can resolve these objectives are being achieved. The Sunshine State Standards gives an excellent catapulting point in presenting course of action for curriculum development. (EDE 6205 Elementary School Curriculum) What are and justify the positive contributions of standard based education. Need is the mother of all inventions. (Standard-based Education schools. coventryschools. net) This sums up a declaration made by an observer. Standard based education is countrywide crusade because of the countrywide requirement. Of course there is present and there has been extensive apprehension over the quality of public education. some(prenominal) people mentioned that they identified that it was crucial that education is standardized so that regardless of the place children received education, regardless of what socio-economic or cultural backgrounds that they possess, the scope to get knowledge which is at par and good education as everybody others.One of the member commented School A should not be deprived compared to school B. Correctly say by one parent, the job force has undergone a transformation. This transformation effected by an international economy and international economic rivalry has compelled our nation into the cumbersome state of being second category. Education in our nation did not modify along with the economic modification. This has brought governmental concern with education to light. Studen ts should be given the proficiency and knowledge to compete in the world in a better manner.Standard-based Education schools. coventryschools. net) How does the no child left behind act is associated with the standard-based education plan. Widely recognized as the No fry Left Behind, NCLB Act of 2001 was the collective consequences of a standards-and-testing transition that was initiated with the publication of the report A Nation at Risk by the Reagan government in 1983.The movement attained due impetus with the 1989 education summit in Charlottesville, Virginia, at which the President George H. W. scrub and the governors of the nation fixed extensive performance objective for the American Schools. The America 2000 proposal of President Bush by the end of 1991 incorporated the voluntary national testing associated with the world class standards. This provision gives rise to termination of the Bill by the opposition exerted by Republican radicals. President Clinton accorded assen t to the Goals 2000 in 1994 that provided grants to assist states in devising academic parameters.Widespread change was visualized with the 1994 reauthorization of the Elementary and secondary education Act that indicated a nationwide commitment to the standard-based reform. The re-sanction necessitated states to generate content and performance parameters in respect of the K-12 schools. (The Politics of No Child Left Behind) Congress also implemented the notion of adequate yearly progress which afterwards become the key player of liability in No Child Left Behind.However, the 1994 re-sanction started the process of devising standards and tests in most of the states. (The Politics of No Child Left Behind) The federal government anticipates more liability from state education systems and the assurance that no child will be left behind. States are to enhance the student testing, collect and disseminate subgroup consequences assuring a highly skilled teacher in every classroom and ass uring that all students irrespective of their socio-economic conditions attain a proficient level of education by the 2014-2015 academic years.No Child Left Behind Act of 2001) NCLB thus reinforces the federal pressure on all states to pursue a standards-based reform agenda. This incorporates a high academic standard for all students extra supplementation to assist the students and schools to cater to such standards enhance suppleness for local schools in order for them to do so and greater liability for the consequences especially calculated by the activities of the students on standardized assessments.

Kant Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives Essay

In the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, by Immanuel Kant, Kant proposes a very signifi evoket discussion of imperatives as expressed by what one ought to do. He implies this judgement by providing the audience with two kinds of imperatives categorical and vatic. The discussion Kant proposes is designed to formulate the expression of ones action. By distinguishing the difference between categorical and vatic imperatives, Kants argues that categorical imperatives apply righteous conduct in relation to performing ones duty within the contents of neat testament. accord to Kant, the representation of an objective principle insofar as it neces puzzleates the will is called a command which formulates the notion of an imperative . Imperatives atomic number 18 simply a formula of a reason. It determines the will of the action. Imperatives can be expressed in terms of what ought to do. For example, take the command Sit Down Kant expresses this command as an imperative by statin g, You ought to sit down All imperatives are formulated by doing an action according to the standard of a will that it will provide a sober wind up point in some way.If the end action is good, as a mean to something else than it is considered a hypothetical imperative. On the other hand, if the action is good according to itself than it is considered a categorical imperative. Thus, Kant implies a distinction between these two kinds of imperatives. The first imperative that Kant proposes is hypothetical. A hypothetical imperative states only that an action is good for some purpose, both possible or actual . In a hypothetical imperative the action is done out of necessary for some purpose. Hypothetical imperatives take on the general form of If indeedIf is considered the precursor and then is considered conditional. Hypothetical imperatives tell us what we should do provided the fact that we have certain desires. For example, If you want to outwit an A, then you ought to study . Wanting to get an A is required of one insofar as one is committed to studying. In other terms, if one desire is to get an A then the action one must take is to study in order to fulfill that desire. Hypothetical imperatives can further more be explained by breaking them down into what Kant calls rules of skills, and counsels of prudence.Rules of skills simply imply the notion that there is something that you have to do how one must accomplish something. An example of this is, If you want to get well than you ought to take your medications. The action in accordance to the rule of skills implies the importance of taking your medications. Kant noted that there is no question at all whether the end is reasonable and good, but there is only a question as to what must be done to lay down it. Moreover, the counsel of prudence examines just that. The antecedent If refers to the varying degrees of happiness within an individual.If you want to be happy then you ought to invest in a ret irement plan. Ones motive to be happy (happiness as it implies to individualism) is fulfilled through the action. The action is done through the perception of prudence as it commands not absolutely but only as a means to further the purpose. In this respect, hypothetical imperatives apply actions of good in a conditional way. It is formulated that you need to know what the condition is in the lead you act. Conditions are based upon a posteriori referring to experiences of knowledge due to ones own result.Therefore hypothetical imperatives do not allow us to act in a moral way because they are based upon desires and experiences rather than good will or moral conduct. In contrast with hypothetical imperatives, which is dependent on an indivdual having a particular desires or purpose (such as wanting to get an A), categorical imperatives describe what we are required to do independently of what we may desire or prefer. A categorical imperative is the only imperative which immediately commands a certain conduct without having as its condition any other purpose to be attained by it.Categorical imperatives are moral obligations that do not have a If and then form. In this respect they provide behavior categorically. They are not if you want x then you ought to do y. Rather they take the form of, you should do y. Kant states that categorical imperatives are limited by no condition, and can quite properly be called a command since it is absolutely, through practically necessary. Categorical imperative are concerned with the form of action and the princple from which the that action follows. The moral action is good within itself such the notion of practical reasoning.Unlike a hypothetical imperative, categorical imperatives rely on independent experience a prior. This is due to the fact that ones moral principle is not based upon previous experience, but instead it is rooted in good will and ones ability to perform their moral duty. Kant refers to this principle as the principle of pietism. For it is from this in which all our moral duties are derived. The basic principle of morality is important because it commands certain courses of action. It is a categorical imperative because it commands unconditional actions. It is also independent of the particular ends and desires of the moral actions.One can never really no the end motivate to why such an action is preformed, but one can concure that the action was done according to the moral duty of good will. Having good will or practical reasoning, lays a foundation that implies categorical imperatives to do what is pure and simple. A good will is good not because one wants to attain happiness or a purpose but it is good in itself. Kant explains that there is no possibility of thinking of anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which can be regarded as good without qualification, except a good will.Therefore in accordance to good will, one must act as if the maxim of their action was to b ecome a global law. Kant first mentioned the notion of categorical imperative when he proposed the moral or common law. You should never act except in such as way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law. Since maxims are basicly principles of action, the categorical imperative commands that one should act only on universal principles, that could be adopted by all rational agents such as human beings.Actions that are done from duty are out of respect for the moral law. Duty is the necessity to act out of reverence for the law manage by the categorical imperative. Because the consequences of an act are not the source of its moral worth, the source must be the maxim under which the act is performed, excluding all aspects of desires. Thus, a categorical imperative must have moral content if, and only if, it is carried out solely with regard to a sense of moral duty in coordination with good will. Clearly one can see that Kant believes in the expression of act ions through imperatives.By proposing imperatives, he formulated a command of reason. As hypothetical imperatives address actions done for a desire or a purpose, categorical imperatives, on the other hand address actions that result from moral conduct and good will. In distinghing the difference between these two imperatives, Kants main objection is to provide his readers with a clear understanding that actions based upon imperatives can be intercommunicate from two different views but the end result always provides good, in some way.

Together We Survive

Life is full of challenges. Each people has their own participation to fight everyday. For every battle, there might be a couple of clock that you will fail, but those failures should non be a hindrance for you to not keep going. You are not alone, there are people that surrounds you whom you faecal matter seek for tending. Survival doesnt have to be done by yourself but quite helping each separate would emphasize the purpose of life.An American author named Hellen Keller states that, Alone we can do little together we can do so much. Working together builds relationship to other people because you are able to connect and support each other in times of ups and downs. In times of hardships, reaching out to others enables smoother movement towards the goal of surviving.When life gets harder, people who can overcome the problems are more likely the ones who builds unity and lend a helping hand to others. 5 years ago, a 7.2 magnitude earthquake struck the island of Bohol in the Ph ilippines. Its a total disaster that devastated thousands of lives due to the severity of modify of infrastructures and the number of affected families. There were many people who were injured and died from the earthquake, including our neighbors who are the Merez family.Both parents died while working inside the building that collapsed during that day and left their 4 children in grieve. The first son was only 20 years old. It was indeed difficult for them losing both of their parents and their properties. Though they had experienced such huge casualties, the siblings helped each other and never hesitate to ask somebody for help.Moreover, those people who are willing in giving an aid, gave hope to other underprivileged individuals to start a overbold chapter of their lives. Not only by financial support but with their presence of showing love to the affected families as well. The Merez siblings went through a process of suffer but with the help of others, they had overcome the depression for quite a time and had realized that it isnt the end of their lives yet. On the other hand, the Belarmino family whos not even related by blood, supported the siblings and gave them a chance to regain their life. They work hard, motivate each other to study well in order to reach their ambitions.Furthermore, the reason tail assembly of their success is that they chose to remain hard as rock despite of the losses and the experiences they went through. They fought mentally, physically, and emotionally. They never lose hope and had face the dilemmas in life. As time passes by, the eldest brother graduated in college and is now working as a teacher. It was indeed a tough journey for him. Nevertheless, he is now sending his siblings to crop and hes able to overcome the tremendous challenges he had faced back then.In conclusion, facing the problems alone is all right but, asking somebody for help wont forge a person less. Pulling together develop relationships and strategi es in order to accomplish your wants. No matter how bad the situation is, no disaster can break your dreams and aspirations in life. Keep moving forward and make those hardships in life as a motivation to strive hard. This is what life is all about, we help each other to grow better and learn from the experiences together.

Digital India Essay

Digital India is a syllabus to transform India into digital empowered society and knowledge economy. Even though India is known as a powerhouse of software, the availability of electronics government services to citizens is still comparatively low. So this programme has been started by our prime minister Sri Narendra Modi on August 7,2014 to sensitize all ministries to this enormous programme touching every corner of the government .This programme has been envisaged by Department of Electronics and Information Technology . The National e-Governance Plan approved in 2006 has do a steady progress through Mission Mode Projects and Core ICT Infrastructure, but greater thrust is required to ensure effective progress in electronics manufacturing and e-Governance in the country.The Digital India plenty provides the intensified impetus for further momentum and progress for this initiative and this would promote inclusive growth that covers electronic services, products, devices, manufac turing and job opportunities. India in the 21st Century must strive to meet the aspirations of its citizens where government and its services reach the doorsteps of citizens and contribute towards a long-lasting positive impact.AIM OF DIGITAL INDIA designThe vision of Digital India aims to transform the country into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. The programme will be implemented in phases from the original year till 2018. The Digital India is transformational in nature and would ensure that Government services are available to citizens electronically. It would also bring in public obligation through mandated delivery of governments services electronically. A Unique ID e-Pramaan based on authentic and standard based interoperable and integrated government applications and data basis. The vision areas of Digital India are of follows.Infrastructure as Utility to Every CitizenHigh speed internet as a core utility shall be do available in all Gram Panchayats. C radle to grave digital identity unique, lifelong, online and authenticable. Mobile phone and Bank account would enable participation in digital and financial space at individual level. Easy access to a common service centre within their locality. Shareable private space on a publiccloud.Safe and secure Cyber-space in the country.Governance and services on DemandSeamlessly integrated across departments or jurisdictions to prove easy and a single window access to all persons. Government services available in real time from online and mobile platforms. All citizen entitlements to be available on the Cloud to ensure easy access. Government services digitally transforms for improving easy of doing business. Making financial transactions above a threshold, electronics and cashless. Leveraging GIS for last support systems and development.Digital Empowerment of CitizensUniversal digital literacy.All digital resources universally accessible.All Government documents/certificates to be availa ble on the available on the Cloud. Availability of digital resources/services in Indian languages. Collaborative digital platforms for participative governance. Portability of all entitlements for individuals through the CloudSCOPE OF DIGITAL INDIAThe overall scope of this programme isTo prepare India for a knowledge future.On being transformative that is to realize IT (Indian Talent) + IT (Information Technology)=IT (India Tomorrow). Making technology central to enabling change.On being an Umbrella Programme-covering many departments. resultantThe Digital India Programme will pull together many existing schemes which would be restructured and re-focused and implemented in a synchronized manner. The common branding of the programmes as Digital India highlights their transformative impact.

High School Drop Out Rates

High School Drop Out Rates Essay The nations dropout crises have become heartrending over the past ten years. Big city high schools have less than 50% of freshmen graduate. (8) The puzzle has taken a back seat to a national focus on early childhood and elementary programs. Recent studies have found the dropout tell rising in large cities. Among minority groups, the dropout rate is the highest. The causes of the growing problem range from teen pregnancy to depression. The effect of the drop out rate is financi onlyy devastating on the individuals who dropout. Programs are being utilize to help decrease the tendencies for student to dropout.The national dropout rate has become common for teenagers. Dropout intervention programs have little effect from keeping teens from dropping out. According to the capital of Massachusetts herald website But combating dropout rates requires new approaches since one group of researcher found that the 20 primary dropout prevention programs administ ered by the U. S. de routinement of education do little difference in keeping teens in school. The city has gradually increase during the past four years, with roughly 900 student-mostly black and Hispanic- leaving the system each year. (1) This problem has been gradually increasing because schools have focused on basis math, literally skills and early childhood education for raising overall test scores. The dropout problem has been almost forgotten. According to Jay Smink, Director of the National Dropout Prevention Center at Clemson University The sad part is, no one is seriously looking at the issue, and the sadder part is theyre not putting the resources needed to improve the graduation rate,(2) Largest Group of Drop-outs Hispanics are the largest group of dropout rates at 30-35%.This is 2. 5 epochs higher than the Africans-Americans dropout rate and 3. 5 % time the rate of whites. The study show the reason for the higher rate among Hispanics is poor teacher preparation, lowe r expectations, and overcrowded facilities. Another reason is a language barrier. Few teachers bash enough Spanish to teach Hispanics. Other reasons are cultural related. Many Hispanic youth cite reasons for dropping out that are common to all youth who drop out. These reasons are they are failing, bored and/or having to work to support a family.Most Hispanics tend to believe that the public schools disrespect Hispanic culture, run out the language problem, and set academic standards below the national norm. Poverty is wide spread among Hispanics. (6) Many children do not get an early start at school by attending pre-school therefore, these children are at a disadvantage from the start. Their parents cannot read so these children miss being read to which is a necessary part of early development. In addition, peer pressure is an extremely strong influence on Hispanic youth. According to the Augusta Chronicle.

Pestel Analysis of Coca Cola

Discuss the PESTEL changes of an organization over the last decade. PESTEL Analysis for century coca-Cola, the largerst manufacturer, distributor and merchandiseer of bever historic period concentrates and syrups in the existence. Coca-Cola is recognized as the worlds most valuable brand. They securities industry four of the worlds top five non-alcoholic sparkling brands, including diet and light beverages, mineral piddle, enhanced waters, succuss and juice drinks, teas, coffees and energy and sport drinks. Through the worlds largest beverage distribution system, consumers in more than 200 countries enjoy the political partys beverages at a rate of approximately 1. billion servings each day. The Company generates revenues, income and cash flows by selling beverage concentrates and syrups as well as finished beverages. pic Even Coca Cola, the worlds largest beverage company has to consider about their macro environment and its opportunities and threats. They too have to analy ze their Political, Economical, Social Environment and Legal Factors in order to bit up with the fast changing world. Political Analysis Non-alcoholic beverages fall within the food category under the FDA.The government plays a role within the feat of manufacturing these products in terms of regulations. There ar potential fines set by the government on companies if they do not meet a standard of laws. The pursuance argon some of the factors that could cause Coca-Cola Companys actual results to differ materially from the expected results describes in their underlying companys forward teaching- Changes in laws and regulations, including changes in accounting standards, taxation requirements, (including tax rate changes, new tax laws and revised ax law interpretations) and environmental laws in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. Changes in the non-alcoholic business environment. These include, without limitation, competitive product and pricing pressures and their ability to gain or maintain share of sales in the world(prenominal) market as a result of action by competitors. Political conditions, especially in international markets, including civil unrest, government changes and restriction on the ability to transplant capital across borders.Their ability to penetrate developing and emerging markets, which as well as depends on economic and political conditions, and how well they are able to acquire or form strategic business alliances with local bottlers and make necessary infrastructure enhancements to intersection facilities, distribution networks, sales equipment and engineering. A threat that the Coca-Cola Company had to face deep due to the changes in the political factors was the War against Iraq made USA and UK very unpopular in Middle East as well as in other Muslim countries.Because Coca-Cola is known as the very American company, this had a huge effect on the sales of its products. Economical Analysis Last division the US economy was strong and nearly every part of it was growing and doing well. However, things changed. Most economists loosely define a recession as two full-strength quarters of contraction, or negative GDP growth. In 2008, we are witnessing a global economic crisis which was suggested by several important indicators of economic downtown worldwide.These include high oil prices, which led to both high food prices (due to a dependence of food production on petroleum, as well as using food crop products such as ethanol as an alternative to petroleum) and global inflation a substantial credit crisis leading to the bankruptcy of large and well established investment banks as well as commercial banks in various nations around the world increased unemployment and the possibility of a global recession. As the inflation rate grows higher and higher, consumer buying power will represent a key threat in the industry.The rivalry between Pepsi and Coke has produce a very slow moving industry in which management m ust continuously respond to the changing attitudes and demands of their consumers or face losing market share to the competition. In addition, consumers can easily switch to the other beverages with little cost or consequence. Social Analysis Many people nowadays are practicing healthier lifestyles. This has affected the non-alcoholic beverage industry in that many are switching to bottled water and diet colas instead of beer and other alcoholic beverages.The need for bottled water and other more convenient and healthy products are in important in the average day-to-day life. Possible substitutes that continuously put pressure on Coke include tea, coffee, juices, milk and alive(p) chocolate. Consumers from the ages of 37 to 55 are also increasingly touch with nutrition. There is a large population of the age range known as the baby boomers. Since many are reaching an older age in life they are becoming more concerned with increasing their longevity.This will continue to affect the non-alcoholic beverage industry by increasing the demand overall and in the healthier beverages. Increasing awareness among consumers, humankind health professionals and government agencies of the potential health problems associated with obesity and inactive lifestyles represents a significant challenge to the Coca-Cola industry. The company has recognized that obesity is a complex public health problem. Their commitment to consumers begins with the companys broad product line, which includes a wide selection of diet and light beverages, uices and juice drinks, sports drinks and water products. Coke has hot lot of sugar by which continuous drinking of Coca-Cola may cause health problems. Being addicted to Coca-Cola also is a health problem because drinking of it has an effect on your body after few years. Technological Analysis The effectiveness of companys advertising, marketing and promotional programs. The e new technology of internet and tv which use specific effects for adv ertising through media. They make some products look good-natured. This helps in selling of the products.This advertising makes the product attractive and is being used in media to sell their products. As the technology is getting advanced there has been introduction of new machineries all the time. Due to introduction of this machineries the production of the Coca-Cola company has increased tremendously then it was few years ago. A latest technical achievements made by the Coca-Cola Company was the new environmentally comradely version of the iconic Coca-Cola Contour bottle which has won number of awards for its light weight.Environmental Analysis The Coca-Cola systems environmental commitments are focused on the areas in which they have the most significant opportunities to make a difference water stewardship, sustainable packaging and energy management and climate protection. In 2007, the company used approximately 300 billion liters of water in their plants to produce beverag es. To meet their water needs while helping to conserve watersheds and improve confederacy water access water stewardship leads the list of the companies sustainability efforts.In 2007, Coca-Cola announced their aspirational goal to return to communities and nature, an amount of water equal to what is used in the companys beverages and their production. Coca-Cola calls this water neutrality. Coca-Cola vision is to advance a packaging framework in which their packaging is no longer seen as waste, but instead as a valuable resource for future use. To realize this zero waste vision, they have been guided by a commitment to continuous improvement.They continues to make strides by go packaging initiatives focus on reduce, recover and reuse. They invested in designing and producing sustainable fashion apparel made from recycled PET bottles too. Legal Changes Analysis Marketing decisions are strongly affected by developments in the political and legal environment. This environment is com posed of laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit various organizations and individuals. Sometimes these laws also create new opportunities for business.Here are some legal affairs that Coca-Cola had to face youngly The European Commission has alerted EU member countries to ban Coca-Cola drinks because of recent poisoning of 100 children in Belgium and cause seems to be the wrong carbon dioxide which was used in the soft drinks. In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) a non-governmental organization, said Coca-Cola contained toxins including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyifos pesticides that can contribute to cancer and a breakdown of the immune system.

Health Care Usa vs. France

Comparison of the Health C are Systems France and the United States Yet in 1948 the United Nations proclaimed that, everyone has the right to a streamer of living adequate for the wellness and well-being of oneself and ones family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical handle. We should understand that health handle should be considered a human right, rather than an economical benefit. However, there are two hundred countries in the humans and many of them still lack an adequate health divvy up system. Throughout the World health, except the U. S. , care systems range to follow general patterns.There are four basic models Beveridge, Bismarck, the topic health indemnification, and the out-of-pocket. The Beveridge model named after the founder of British health care system William Beveridge. gibe to McCanne (2010), the majority of hospitals and clinics are owned by organization. In this model the government is a sole payer, which controls the apostrophizes of medic al expenses. Therefore, there is the tendency for low cost per capita. The second model of health care named after a founder of European welfare Otto von Bismarck. The major principle of this system base on the liberalizationitution plans, which financed jointly by employers and employees.Moreover, the insurance plans are non-profit and cover everyone. The government tightly regulates and controls the health system, that allows to keep low medical costs. The third model is a the National health insurance model. It uses private sector of health providers, but payments come from a government based insurance, to which every citizen must pay. The National health insurance controls and keeps low prices for medical helpers, and tend to be cheaper and simpler administratively. The last and most disorganized health system follows the out-of-pocket model.The major principle of that system based on the money and basically people with money can get the medical assistance, whereas poor get sicker or die. According to the World health report (2000) released by World Health Organization, France is the country that provides the best health care. The alike(p) report states, The U. S. health system spends a highschooler portion of its gross domestic harvest-tide than any other country but ranks 37 out of 191 countries according to its performance. The question is, why equally strong, politically and economically, countries have such significant passing of health care performance?Certainly, one of the major dissimilarity of the systems is the difference of health care models. The French health system rigorously follows only one, as most of European countries, the Bismarcks model. At first glance it seems to be very similar to the American twain countries widely use an insurance system, where employers and employee are both responsible for an insurance payment. However, in contrast to USA, the biggest fundamental difference between the two systems is that the Bismarck- type health insurance plans have to cover everybody, and they do not conduct a profit.Opposite to France, the United States of America does not follow any of the models of health care. American health care system have elements of all of the models. When it comes to treating veterans, it becomes a government owned and controlled system, as Beveridge model. For Medicare dependant Americans and population over the age of 65, our health care system uses the model of National Health Insurance, otherwise known as universal health system, which tends to be cheaper and simpler. The health care system of a working population, who gets insurance through the employer, is more aligned with the Bismarck model.Finally, for those fifteen per centum of Americans, who do not have any health care insurance the current system becomes an Out-of-Pocket Model, which is primarily used in Third World countries. Most of health care industries in the World, in order to be efficient, try to meet only three of the models, but very important bedrock costs, quality and access. All those major elements of a health care system have a complex and often challenging nature they often interlock with each other, what leads to a conglomerate of hard solvable health care issues.For example, the quality of care is tightly bounded to the cost of therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Consequently, the high cost of health care puts access restrictions for certain populations. Therefore, one of the major health industry concerns is access to quality and affordable health care. The French health care system combines universal coverage with a publicprivate mix of hospital and ambulatory care, higher levels of resources, and a higher volume of service provision than in the United States (Rodwin, 1993) As shown in Table 1, France has a higher physicians density per population than USA.Moreover, there is a significant difference, of more than 50%, between physicians of general practice and more disparit y in more specialized practices. It demonstrates that French health care is based on more reason medicine, than the US, where high costly specialty medicine is common practice. Table 1, Health fear Resources France and United States, 19972000. American Journal of domain Health 2003 Resources France US wide awake physicians per 1000 population 3. 3 2. 8 Active physicians in private, office-based practice per 1000 population 1. 9 1. General/family practice, % 53. 3 22. 5 Obstetricians, pediatricians, and internists, % 7. 5 35. 6 Other specialists, % 39. 2 41. 0 Non-physician personnel per acute hospital bed 1. 9 5. 7 Total inpatient hospital beds per 1000 population 8. 5 3. 7 Short-stay hospital beds per 1000 population 4. 0 3. 0 Share of public beds, % 64. 2 19. 2 Share of private beds, % 35. 8 80. 8 copyrighted beds as percentage of private beds, % 56 12 Nonprofit beds as percentage of private beds, % 44 88 Share of proprietary beds, % 27 10. 7 France and the U. S. ace a cr ises of unprecedented scope. Both countries possess large and growing elderly populations that threaten to push the pace of health care price increases tied(p) higher than their already faster-than-inflation rates. (Dutton, 2011) However, France has wide access to comprehensive health services for a population that is, on average, older than that of the United States (Rodwin, 1993). France and the United States, relies on both private insurance and government insurance. In both countries, working populations generally receive their insurance through their employer. However, French health care s based on the National Health Insurance and there is no uninsured population. French national insurance covers about 70 percent of the medical bills, the rest of the 30 percents is paid by private insurance companies, which are typically provided and paid by employer. Furthermore, contradictory to the common American opinion, that universal health care system does not allow one to choose doct ors, hospitals and clinics, French people are not restricted in their choice of medical professionals and institutions, and they freely sweep themselves from doctor to doctor (Imai, Jacobzone, Lenain, 2000).In contrast to that, certain American HMOs allow their members to visit doctors strictly in their systems. The other tremendous distinction of the French health care system is that there is no discrimination of people with preexisting conditions. Moreover, individuals with preexisting conditions have a priority and receive more coverage patients with long-standing diseases, such as mental illness, cancer, diabetes, obtain 100 percent governmental support for all medical expenses, including surgeries, therapy and pharmaceutical agents (Imai et. al. , 2000).At a final point, most of Americans health budget point on the end of life diseases, which as a rule, heavily involve costly sophisticated technology and procedures, that enormously brings operating cost up. At the same time U SA still neglects major successful health care steps such as disease prevention and public health education. This mayhap explains, in spite of impressive achievements in the biomedical science and technology the US do not have a better health care performance. References Dutton,V. P. (2011). Health care in France and the United States Learning from each other. Imai, Y. Jacobzone, S. , Lenain, P. (2000). The changing health system in France. France Economics department, organization for economic cooperation and development. p. 268. McCanne, D. (2010). Health Care Systems Four Basic Models. Physicians for a National Health Program, p. 1 Rodwin V, Sandier S. 2003 Health care under French national health insurance. 12(3)113131. American Journal of Public Health 2003 The universal declaration of human rights. Article 25. (1948) World Health Organization, (2000). The world health report 2000 World Health Organization Assesses the Worlds Health Systems.

Comparative Programmes of Business Education in Nigerian Universities (a Case Study of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and Delta State University, Abraka)

Current look into Journal of affectionate Sciences 2(2) 58-64, 2010 ISSN 2041-3246 M axwell Scientific Organization, 2010 Submitted Date November 18, 2009 Accepted Date December 14, 2009 Accepted Date March 10, 2010 comparative degree Programmes of line of merchandise nurture In Nigerian Universities (A Case Study of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and Delta state of matter University, Abraka) 1 F. O. Ohiwerei and 2 N. A zih segment of Vocational and Technical reproduction, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpom a, Edo advance, Nig eria 2 Departm ent of occupation learning, E bon yi State University, Abakaliki, Eb ony i State, Nigeria thieve This paper is aimed to criti bring forwardy x-ray the clientele preparation computer programme of Nigerian Universities a case vignette of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and Delta State U niversity, Ab raka. It w as observed that in Amb rose Alli University line of melody fostering is housed in the department of Vocational and Technic al didactics with both choices namely account statement teaching method and secretarial precept while it runs a vary system right from 1 00 to 4 00 lev els. On the otherwise hand the Delta State University runs a 100 to 200 levels broad based system. Specialization is done in three hundred and 400 levels.Here bank line breeding is a unit of its own housing accounting option, secretarial option, servicemanagement option, save unfortunately computer precept options is not functional. It was observed that the objectives, school of thought and ad foreign mission requ irements of bo th universities be the same. While courses offered are different in nature. Conclusion and recommendations were made. Key w ords affair educ ation, curriculu m, effectiveness, pro gram me, teachin g, univ ersity INTRODUCTION tuition is the totality of life experience that man acquires and which enables him to cope with and extrapolate satisfaction from living in the word.This is because it enables him to come upon social competence and optimum individual development. Broken down, moving in reading which is a subset of the general education can be seen as the development of persons h ead, heart and han ds for his self fulfillment and optimum service s to human ity. To achieve this according to the National Policy on Education (2004), compu ter education was integra ted into the primary school curriculum, a refreshing development but sad to note that sub jects like shorthand, typewriting, commerce, and book-keeping are integrated together to nervous strain business studies thereby losing their original identity.Experience has shown that most people are not interested in business education as a profession with the mind set that it is education meant for the less privilege or a programme, which up on graduation, there is no opportunity for securing a job. This is so because Bu siness educ ation curriculum planners who are not profe ssional membe rs in the field coul d not design a uniform curriculum that go out ho use solely the universities offering business educ ation courses in Nigeria. The incompetence on the part of business education graduates also lays on the curriculum not properly designed to reflect the psychomotor nature of our terrible profession.Pitman (1974) defin ed curriculum as a prescribed courses of studies. While Hornby (2006) says curriculum are the subjects that are include in a course of study or taugh t in a school, college, etc. check to Okoye (1991), the process of curricu lum developm ent and plan ning is continuo us. It does not end once and for all time. Acco rding to Uwaifo (2006) a close facial gesture at the current Vocational and Technical Education curriculum g enera lly reveals some problems that b parade on inadequate course content.Uhumuavbi and Ebhomhen (20 06) in their ow n vain declared that irrespective of the level of education and teach given during the pre-colonial days in Africa, it was functio nal because the curriculum was germane(predicate) to the needs of the society. Unemployment if it existed at all was nominal and very few young men roamed the villages and towns with nothing to do. According to Snyder (2008), a flexible curriculum is significant because there is no single cu rricular path to career success. We are giving students more flexibleness this is not a radical departure from our curriculum.Robert and Booth (2008) stated that the curriculum changes allow students to increase the book o f their studies. The make Nigerian Universities business education curriculum has overstayed, therefore, it is important that they be special to meet todays needs. This is very essential from the standpoint of academic integrity. One leave behind be tempted to ask at this juncture, is there anything wrong with the present Nigerian Universities business Corresponding Author F. O. Ohiwerei, Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria 58Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci. , 2(2) 58-64, 2010 education curriculum? The researchers answer is YES but that does not mean that the p resent curriculum on ground can not be improved upon. The reasons for the reform ation of the business education curriculum is aimed to he lp create tomorrows competitive workforce by inspire and engaging businesses to work in partnership with schools to raise the levels of achievement of young people, especially those in discriminate circumstances. assembly line education has advanced the level of garbage in, garbage out words system but a leadership role.The importance of the business edu cators is increasing as the business world becomes more complex. by this programm e, individuals are educated to become skilled employees who can contribute mea ningfully to the overall effectiveness of an magnate, teaching and information in schools. It is on the basis of this therefore the researchers attempt to examine, compa re and contras t the cu rriculum of business education programmes of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and Delta State University, Abraka with a view to scientifically reform it to meet the forever increasing techn ology deve lopm ent.This study will be of benefit to the teachers, students, parents and governmen t. Through this study, students competency for work placem ent w ill be ach ieved . The teachers will be properly informed on what should be included or excluded from the curriculum for effective teaching and learning. The parents will have a sign of relief that upon gradu ation from the unive rsity their children will be gainfully employed or self-reliance. The brass will appreciate the programm e, as it will help to reduce unemployment and crime rate in the society.LITERATURE go over agglomerateINESS EDUCATION PROGRAMM ES OFFERED BY AMBROSE ALLI UNIVERSITY, EKPOMA AND DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY, ABRAKA demarcation education program mes offered by A mbro se Alli University, Ekpoma are C C invoice education option Secretarial education option C W hile the business education programmes offered by the Delta State University, Abraka are C C C C C news report Option Secretarial engine room Option management Option. Computer Education Option.Programm e title Secretarial Studies/O ffice Ma nagem ent Both universities have the same philosophy, specific objectives and ingress requirements as described below school of thought The introduction of the office automation, by the use of electronic equipment has not only brought changes on office procedures and competencies, but also has created new functions in the business offices. In straddle to met the chan ging o ffice skills, educational have also changed their business education programmes to cater for the new requiremen ts by introducing office management programme.In Nigeria, office automation has become a reality and all levels of government are requesting educational institutions to include co mpu ter literacy in t heir curriculum. This programme is designed to meet the requirements of the changing office environment and the call by the governments in Nigeria. Specific Objectives This programme is designed to give the students the liability to work in modern-day business offices and to teach modern office skills in seconda ry schools.Specifically, the programme will give the students the skills to perform the observe ing functions in the office C C C C C Planning and organizing office operations, W ritten communications and telecom mun ications in the office, Information and records management in the office, Leadership and humankind Relations in the office, Controlling office operations. Adm ission requirements (Four-year programmeUM E) W est African School Certificate (W ASC) or General Certificate of Education (GCE O/L or NECO with at least credit passes in five relevant subjects which must include English Language.Direct entry C Passes at merit level in relevant fleece programme of a U niversity or any other institution recognized by Senate in summation to fou r O/L credit passes which must include English Language. Passes in two relevant subjects at A /L in ad dition to three C/L credit passes or its equivalent which must include English Language, Passes at merit level in least tw o sub jects in NC E in addition to three credit passes in G CE O/L or its equivalent, in not more than two sittings.In the actual sense, Accounting, Secretarial and man agem ent op tions are opera tional. 59 No student shall qua lify for the award of an hono urs degree of the University if he/she spends more than two posings (four semesters) beyond the normal period allowed for the degree programme. Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci. , 2(2) 58-64, 2010 Accounting Education University, Ekpoma Option of A mbrose A lli ACC ACC ACC ACC 304 306 307 308 national Finance Com pany fairness Banking A nd Finance Quantitative Analysis For caper Decision 2C 2C 2C 2C 24F I R ST S E M E S T E R 1 0 0 L E V E L S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L EDU 100 EDU ci EDU 102 ECO one hundred one ACC 101 GS T 10 1 GS T 1 02 CSC 101 Introduction To tenet professing H istory Of Education Developm ental Psy 1 E conom ics Principles 1 Principle Of Accounting U se O f Eng lish An d Lib rary P hilos oph y A nd L ogic Intro To Compu ter 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 4C 2C 2C 20 VTE 311 Students industrial feed Experience Scheme F I R ST S E M E S T E R EDU EDU ED U ACC ACC 400 LEVEL 15CS E C O N D S E M E S T E R 1 00 L E V E L EDU 111 EDU 115 GS T 11 1 GST 1 12 EC O 1 11 have it away 111 come 114 AC C 1 11 Introductions To Social Studies Intoduction To Special Education N igeria Peo ples A nd C ulture memorial And Philosophy Science E cono mics P rinciple II Office invest F undam entals Of Bu siness P rinciples O f Acc oun ting II 2C 2E 2C 2C 3C 2C 3C 3C 19 400 travail 402G uidance And Counseling 4 03 C ontin uou s A ssess men t 402Auditing And Investigation 404 Public Sector Accounting 4 00 L E V E L C 2C 2C 3C 3C 16 SECOND SEMESTER EDU 411 EDU 413 EDU 415 ACC 412 AC C 4 14 ACC 415 pick out 413 make love 415 VTE 411 F I R ST S E M E S T E R 2 0 0 L E V E L EDU 201 EDU 202 VTE 201 ACC 201 ACC 204 A C C 2 08 ECO 201 Philosophy Of Education C urriculum And reading Vte In Nigeria And Other Coun tries Financial Accounting 1 Introduction To Finance 1 B us in es s L aw 1 M icro Economics 2C 2C 2C 3C 2C 2C 3C 16 C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 3C 3C 2C 23 Secretarial Education Option of A m b ro se A ll i U n iv er si ty , E k po m a F I R ST S E M E S T E R 1 0 0 L E V E L EDU 100 EDU 101 EDU 102 GS T 10 1 GS T 1 02 BE D 1 01 prat 102 AC C 1 01 CSC 101 Introduction To Teaching Profession H istory Of Education Developm ental Psy I U se O f Eng lish An d Lib rary P hilos oph y A nd L ogic S hortha nd I Typew riting I P rinciples O f Acc oun ting I Introduction To C omputer Science 2C 2C 2C 4C 2C 3C 3C 3C 2C 23O rganization of master(a) And lower-ranking Education C omparative Education E duc ational psychological science precaution Accounting F inan cial M ana gem ent M anagement Information governance H uman Relations And Personnel care B usiness intercourse headmaster SeminarF O R D I R E C T E N T R Y ST U D E N T S O N L Y GS T 10 1 U se O f Eng lish An d Lib rary GS T 1 02 P hilos oph y A nd L ogic CSC 101 Introduction To C omputer Science S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 2 00 L E V E L EDU 211 EDU 212 EDU 213 EDU 214 ACC 211 ACC 213 AC C 2 14 GST 222 VT E 2 11 Subject Method E ducational Technology Sociology Of Education R esearch Method S and Data bear on Financial Accounting 11 Cost Accounting I In troduc tion To Finan ce II calm And Conflict Resolution V OC & T ech .Edu catio n in N igeria 3C 3C 2C 2C 3C 2C 2C 2C 2C 21 4C 2C 2C 24 S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 1 00 L E V E L EDU 111 EDU 115 GS T 11 1 GST 1 12 kip down 111 BE D 1 12 BE D 1 13 BED 114 AC C 1 11 Introduction To Social Studies Introduction To Special Education N igeria Peo ples A nd C ulture Histo ry And Philosophy Science Office Practice T ypew riting II S hortha nd II Introdu ction To B usiness P rinciples O f Acc oun ting II 2C 2E 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 3C 3C 23F I R ST S E M E S T E R 2 0 0 L E V E L EDU 201 EDU 202 VTE 201 BED 201 BED 202 BED 203 BED 205 BED 208 Philosophy Of Education C urriculum And Instruction VT E In Nigeria And Other Countries Intermediate Shorthand Intermediate type P lanning O rganizing Office O perations I B usiness Co mmu nications I care Law 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 3C 3C 21 F O R D I R E C T E N T R Y ST U D E N T S O N L Y GS T 11 1N igerian P eople A nd C ulture GST 1 12 History And Philosophy Of Science 2C 2C 25F I R ST S E M E S T E R 3 0 0 L E V E L EDU 300 EDU 301 EDU 302 VTE 301 BED 304 ACC 301 ACC 303 Teaching Practice E ducational presidency And Planning E ducational Technology measure M anagement B usiness Machine Intermediate Financial Accounting I Element Of Management 3C 2C 2C 2C 2C 3C 2C F O R D I R E C T E N T R Y ST U D E N T S O N L Y GS T 10 1 U se O f Eng lish An d Lib rary GS T 1 02 P hilos oph y A nd L ogic CSC 101 Introduction To C omputer Science 4C 2C 2C 8 0 Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci. , 2(2) 58-64, 2010 S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 2 00 L E V E L EDU 211 EDU 212 EDU 213 EDU 214 GST 222 BED 211 BED 212 BE D 2 13 BE D 2 15 VT E 2 11 Subject Method E ducational Technology Sociology Of Education R esearch Methods And Data impact Peace And Conflict Resolution Intermediate Shorthand I Intermediate Typewriting I P lanning /Orga nization O ffice O peration s II B usiness Co mm unication II V oc. A nd te ch.E duc ation in N igeria 3C 3C 3C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 3C 2C 27 S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 1 00 L E V E L BE D 1 11 In troduc tion to S ecretarial Ed ucation in Sho rthand II BE D 1 12 In troduc tion to S ecretarial Ed ucation in Typ ewriting II BED 113 Principles of Business Education BED 114 Introduction to Vocational & Technical Education BED 115 Principles & Practice of Cooperative EDU 112 Introduction to Social Studie s Education AC C 1 11 In troduc tion to A ccou nting II BUS 114 B usiness Communication EC N 1 11 P rinciples o f Eco nom ics II GS T 11 1 N igeria Peo ple and Cu lture GST 113 Peace Studies andConflict Resolution GST 1 14 Com munication in French F I R ST S E M E S T E R 2 0 0 L E V E L 2C 2C 4 BED 201 B asic al-Quran Processing Shorthand I BED 202 B asic Word Processing Typewriting I BED 203 M arketing Management Education EDU 200 Principles of Instruction EDU 201 Philosophy of Education EDU 202 C urriculum knowledge ACC 201 Financial Accounting I AC C 2 03 Q uan titative F inan cial A naly sis BU S 2 01 P rincip les of M ana gem ent I CSC 200 Introduction to Compu ter S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 2 00 L E V E L BE D 2 11 B asic W ord P rocessin g Sho rthand II BE D 2 12 B asic W ord P rocessin g Typ ewriting II BED 213 O ffice Management BED 214 Leadership Behaviour BED 215 Finance and Economics of Business Education EDU 211 B usiness Education Method EDU 212 T est and Measureme nt EDU 213 Sociology of Education AC C 2 11 F inancial A ccou nting II BU S 21 1 Princ iples of M anag emen t II 2C 2C 2C 2C 2E 3C 3C 2C 3C 2E 23 Accounting Option 300 Level of Delta State University, Abraka BED BED EDU EDU EDU ACC ACC ACC BUS 302 B usiness Edu cation Statistics I 303 B anking Education 300 Teaching Practice 301 E ducational Administration and Planning 302 Educational Technology 301 Corporate Accounting I 303 Cost Accounting I 305 Auditing B us in es s L aw I 2C 2C 3C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 2C 22 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C 2E 3C 3C 22F O R D I R E C T E N T R Y ST U D E N T S O N L Y GS T 11 1N igerian P eople a nd C ulture GST 1 12 History And Philosophy of Science 4 F IR S T S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L EDU 300 Teaching Practice EDU 301 E ducational Administration And Planning EDU 302 E ducational Technology VTE 301 metre M anagement BE D 3 01 In termed iate Sho rthand II BE D 3 02 In termed iate Typ ewriting II BE D 3 03 R eco rd M ana gem ent I BED 304 B usiness Machine AC 3 06 Com pany Law S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L VTE 311 Students industrial Work Experience Scheme F I R ST S E M E S T E R 4 0 0 L E V E L EDU EDU EDU BED BED BED 400 work out 402 G uidance And Counseling 403 C ontinuous Assessment 401 O ffice Dictation I 402 W ord Processing I 403 Personnel Management 6C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 19 15C 3C 2C 3C 2C 3C 3C 3C 2C 3C 24 2C 2C 2C 2C 2E 2C 2C 2C 3C 2C 2C 2C 25 S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 4 00 L E V E L EDU 411 O rganization Of Primary And Secondary Education EDU 413 C omparative Education EDU 415 E ducationalPsychology VTE 411 Professional Seminar BE D 4 1I O ffice D ictation II BE D 4 12 W ord P rocessin g II BED 413 Hum an Relations And Personnel BE D 4 14 R ecord M anag emen t II ACC 415 M anagement Information System 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 2C 3C 3C 23 Accounting, Secretarial and M ana gem ent O ptions of D elta Sta te University, Abraka F I R ST S E M E S T E R 1 0 0 L E V E L BED 101Introduction to Secretarial Education in Shorthand I BED 102 Introduction to Secretarial Education in Typewriting I EDU 100 Introduction to Teaching Profession EDU 101 H istory of Education EDU 102 D evelopmental Psychology ACC 101 Introduction to Accounting I BUS 102 Introduction to Business maths ECN 102 P rinciples of Econom ics I GS T 10 1 U se of E nglish a nd L ibrary GS T 1 02 P hilos oph y an d L ogic 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 2C 2C 22S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L BE D 3 12 B usiness Edu cation S tatistics II BED 313 H uman Resources Management in Education EDU 311 Educational Psychology EDU 312 R esearch Methods and Data Processing ACC 311 Corporate Accounting II (Accounting Option) ACC 312 Taxation AC C 3 13 C ost A ccou nting II F I R ST S E M E S T E R 4 0 0 L E V E L BED BED BED BED EDU EDU EDU ACC 400 Research Project 402 Project Evaluation 403 A dmin. Of Vocational and Technical Education 404 Business Finance 401 Teaching Practice 402 G uidance and Counseling 403 C ontinuous Assessment 402 Advanced Financ ial Accounting 6C 2C 2C 2E 3C 2C 2C 3C 21 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 3C 18 61 Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci. , 2(2) 58-64, 2010S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 4 00 L E V E L BED BED BED BED BED EDU EDU ACC 410 Students industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) 411 Sm all Business Development 412 Professional Seminar 413 B usiness Education and Industrial Relations 414 M anpower Training and Development 411 O rganization of Primary and Secondary Education 412 C omparative Education 412 Financial Management 6C 2C 2C 2C 3E 2C 2C 3C BED 313 H uman Resources Management in Education BE D 3 14 In termed iate W ord P rocessin g II B E D 3 15 In te rm ed ia te Sh orth an d II (1 00 W PM ) BED 316 Law and Practice of Meetings (E) BE D 3 17 S ecretarial Pro cedu re EDU 311 E ducational Psychology EDU 312 R esearch Methods and Data Processing F IR S T SE M E S T E R 40 0 LE V E BED 400 Research Project BED 402 Project Evaluation BED 403 A dmin.Of Vocational and Technical Education BED 404 Business Finance BED 405 A dvanced Word Processing I B E D 4 06 Ad va nc ed Sh orth an d I (1 10 W PM ) EDU 401 Teaching Practice EDU 402 G uidance and Counseling EDU 403 C ontinuous Assessment S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 4 00 L E V E L BED 410 BED 411 BED 412 BED 413 BED 414 BE D 4 15 B E D 4 16 BED 417 EDU 411 EDU 412 Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) Sm all Business Development Professional Seminar B usiness Education and Industrial Relations M anpower Development A dvan ced W ord P rocess II Ad va nc ed Sh orth an d I (1 20 W PM ) V ocational Guidance in Business Education O rganization of Primary and Secondary Education C omparative Education 6C 2C 2C 2C 3E 2C 2E 2E 2C 2C 25 4C 2C 2C 2E 2C 2E 3C 2C 2C 21 2C 2C 2C 2E 2C 2C 3C 19 22Managem ent Option of Delta State University, Abraka F I R ST S E M E S T E R 3 0 0 L E V E L ED U 30 2 Bu siness Education S tatistics I BED 303 B anking Education EDU 300 Teaching Practice EDU 301 E ducational Administration and Planning EDU 302 E ducational Technology BUS 304 Production Management BUS 307 D ata Processing and Management Information B U S 30 2 Bu si ne ss La w I S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L BED 311 Business M achines BE D 3 12 B usiness Edu cation S tatistics II BED 313 H uman Resources Management in Education EDU 311 E ducational Psychology EDU 312 R esearch Methods and Data Processing BUS 316 C onsumer Behaviour and Production BUS 317 D ata Processing and Management Information F I R ST S E M E S T E R 4 0 0 L E V E L BED BED BED BED EDU EDU EDU BUS 400 Research Project 402 Project Evaluation 403 A dmin. Of Vocational and Technical Education 404 Business Finance 401 Teaching Practice 402 G uidance and Counseling 403 C ontinuous Assessment 401 Business Policy 6C 2C 2C 2E 3C 2C 2C 3C 22 2E 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 17 2C 2C 3C 2C 2C 2C 3C 2C 18DISCUSSION The objectives, philosophy and admission requirements of both universities are the same. The course description of Compu ter education option of Delta State Univ ersity was not stated in their handbook an indication that the p rogramm e is yet to take of. It was also observed that the present curriculum being operated by the Business Education of Delta State University became operational in 2006/2007 academic session to date. Differences in course units were observed. For example, according to Ambrose Alli University, F aculty of Education hand book (2000), shorthand, which is 3 units in Ambrose A lli University, is 2 units in Delta State University. Title differences were observed e. g. n Amb rose Alli University BED 205 and BED 215 is Business Comm unica tion, w hile in De lta State University Business Communication is coded BUS 114. BED 400, which is research pro ject in D elta State University, is EDU 400 in Am brose Alli Un iversity. There are some courses that are offered in Ambrose Alli University that are not offered in D elta State University. A lso there are some courses that are offered in Delta State University that are not offer ed in Ambrose Alli University, such as BED 113 Principles of Business Education, GST 114 Communication in French, BED 203 Marketing Management Education, BED 214 Leadership b ehaviou r, BED 410 Small Business Development, BED 413 Business Education and Industrial Relations BED 414 Manpower Training and D evelo pme nt.S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 4 00 L E V E L BED 410 Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) BED 411 Sm all Business Development BED 412 Professional Seminar BED 413 B usiness Education and Industrial Relations BED 414 M anpower Development EDU 411 O rganization of Primary and Secondary Education EDU 412 C omparative Education BUS 416 Sale Management 6C 2C 2C 2C 3E 2C 2C 2C 21 Secretarial Technology Option of Delta State University, Abraka F I R ST S E M E S T E R 3 0 0 L E V E L BED 302 B usiness Edu cation Statistics I BED 303 B anking Education BED 304 Intermediate Word Processing I B E D 3 05 In te rm ed ia te Sh orth an d I (9 0 W P M ) BED 306 Office Info rmation System EDU 300 Teaching Practice EDU 301 E ducational Administration and Planning EDU 302 E ducational Technology B U S 30 2 Bu si ne ss La w 1 S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L BED 311 Business M achines BE D 3 12 B usiness Edu cation S tatistics II 2C 2C 2C 2C 3C 2C 2E 3C 2C 2C 2C 20 62 Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci. 2(2) 58-64, 2010 W hile the following are courses offered in Am brose Alli University that are not offered in D elta State University BED 111 O ffice Practice BED 114 Foundamental of Business ECO 111 Economics Practice ACC 208 Business Law V TE 301 Time M anag eme nt VTE 201 VTE in Nigeria and other coun tries BED 203 Planning Organizing Office BED 303 R ecord Manag eme nt, and BED 415 M anagement Information System. CONCLUSION C It is our responsibility to plan, im plem ent, and update programmes so that students can take a leak a satisfactory level of achievement appropriate to either imm ediate employment or advanced education in preparation for later em ployment. Opportunities are ab undant for studen ts in the business w orld if their preparation is clear and if their attitudes are positive.RECOMMENDATIONS The authors hold the view that to be relevant in the 21 st Century, business educ ators sh ould be clever based on the following courses 100 and 200 level for both office education and accounting education (1) Computer in business education (2) Shorthand (3) Introduction to Office Education in typewriting 1 (4) Principle of Accounting 1 (5) Introdu ction to Office education in typewriting II (6) Office Ma nagem ent (7) Introduction to B usiness (8) Principles of Accou nting II (9) Office Information System 1 (10) rudimentary word treat in Office (11) Business Communication (12) Financial Accounting 1 (13) Business Law 1 (14) Basic word processing in Office II (15) Business Ma chines (16) B usiness C omm unication II (18) Planning/Organisation of Office operations. (19) Office Information system II (20) Entrepreneurship. 00 a nd 400 level office technology (1) Audio typing (Manual and Electric) (2) Record Management (3) Time Management (4) Company Law (5) Sma ll Scale Business (Introduction to Bu siness) (6) Indu strial Attachment (SIWES) (7) Practical Teaching ( 8) Applied W ord processing in Office (9) Office Dictation I (10) Business Ownership/Applied Economics (11) Human/Personnel Management (12) Marketing (13) Industrial and wear upon Relations (14) Applied W ord processing in Office II (15) Office Dictation II (16) Record Management II (17) Seminar and Project wo rk. This is how ever subjec t to regular revision. 300 and 400 level accounting education (1) Record Management (2) Time Managem ent (3) Company Law (4) Small Scale Business (Introduction to Business) (5) Industrial Attachment (SIWES) (6) Practical Teaching (7) 63 C Business Ow nership/Applied E conom ics (8) Human/Personnel Management (9) Marketing (10) Industrial and Labour Relations (11) Record Management II (12) Seminar (13) Project w ork. Accounting courses from Accounting Department should be added to the above. This is so far subject to regular revision.Other recommendations are C National University Commission should regularize the curriculum of business education in all Nigerian Universities. program planners should be careful while planning in order not to remove some essential recipes from the existing content. Such as the issue of shorthand to be or not to be. All business education students should be allowed to offer all courses in 100-200 levels and specialized in 300 levels. National University Commission should take it upon her self to redeploy those lecturers who are not business educators specialist to their specialized departments. Regular review of the curriculum of our educational system is urgently required.This view is back up by that of Snyder (2008) which stated tha t flexible curriculum is important because there is no single curricular path to career success. While Kaplan (2008) says g i ving studen ts more flexibility, is not a radical departure from their curriculum . Government shou ld provide fun ds and equ ipment to assist holistic regular curriculum designers for the smooth caterpillar tread of business education programmes as this will encourage parents, teachers and students. This is in line with Omo-Ojugo and Ohiwerei (2008) that stated that local, state and federal gove rnments shou ld assist by providing funds and equipment for teaching and learning of business education.More courses shou ld be incorporated in the business curriculum to provide more job opportunities for graduates as recently carried out by the U niversity of moolah Gradu ate school of Business as confirmed by Sny der (2008). REFERENCES Amb rose Alli U niversity, 2000. Fac ulty of Education enchiridion for Undergraduate Students 2000-2004. Ekpoma, AAU. Delta State University, 200 6. Bu siness Education Unit Academ ic Programme for B. Sc. Degree In Business Education. Abraka, Delsu. Fed eral Government of Nigeria, 2004. National Policy on Education. Yaba Lago s NERD C Press. Hornby, A. S. , 2006. Oxford Advanced scholarly person Dictionary of Cu rrent Eng lish. th Edn. , London, Oxford press. C C C C Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci. , 2(2) 58-64, 2010 Kaplan, S. , 2008. Curriculum Changes Announced by University of Ch icago refine School of Business. Business Wire. Posted on W ednesd ay, 8th October. 0900 CDT. Okoye, N. S. , 1991. Curriculum Theory and Development. Enugu, Ne w A ge Publishers. Omo-Ojugo, M . O. and F. O. Ohiwerei, 2008. School factors affecting teaching and learning of business education studies in Nig eria. Pak. J. Soc. Sci. , 5(7) 663-670. ISSN 1683 -8831. Pitman, I. , 1974. Dictionary of English and Shorthand. Lon don, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd. Robert, G. and W. W . Booth, 2008.Curriculum Changes Announced by University of C hicag o Graduate School of by Business. Business W ire. Posted on Wednesday, 8th October. 0900 CDT. Snyder, E. , 2008. Curr iculum Changes Announced by University of Chicago Graduate School of Business. Business W ire. Posted on W ednesd ay, 8th October. 0900 CDT. Uhumu avbi, P. O. and E. S. Ebhomhen, 2006. Curriculum innovation in Nigeria, successes and failures implication for teacher ed ucation. J. Curric. Stud. Instr. , 2 69-77, ISSN 1117-4080. Uwaifo, V. O. , 2006. Vocationalization A panacea for a s us ta in a ble t e c h n ol o g i ca l a nd m an p ow e r development in Nigeria. J. Curric. Stud. Instr. , 2 3039, ISSN 1117-4080. 64

Cybercrime Law Essay

The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 is the first law in the Filipinos which specifically criminalizes ready reckoner crime, which prior to the passage of the law had no strong legal precedent in Philippine jurisprudence. While laws such as the Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 ( democracy Act No. 8792 regulated true computer-related activities, these laws did not provide a legal basis for criminalizing crimes committed on a computer in general for example, Onel de Guzman, the computer programmer charged with purportedly writing the ILOVEYOU computer worm, was ultimately not prosecuted by Philippine authorities due to a lack of legal basis for him to be charged chthonic(a) existing Philippine laws at the time of his arrest. The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, officially recorded as Republic Act No. 10175, is a law in the Philippines approved on 12 September 2012. It aims to words legal issues concerning online interactions and the Internet in the Philippines.Among the cybercr ime nuisances included in the bill atomic number 18 cybersquatting, cybersex, child pornography, identity theft, illegal rise to power to data and libel.The Act, divided into 31 sections split across eight chapters, criminalizes several types of offenses, including illegal access (hacking), data interference, device misuse, cybersquatting, computer-related offenses such as computer fraud, content-related offenses such as cybersex and spam, and other offenses. The law too reaffirms existing laws against child pornography, an offense under Republic Act No. 9779 (the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009), and libel, an offense under Section 355 of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, alike criminalizing them when committed using a computer system. Finally, the Act provides for a catch-all clause, wherein all offenses currently punishable under the Revised Penal Code are likewise punishable under the Act when committed using a computer, with corresponding stricter penalties t han if the crimes were punishable under the Revised Penal Code alone.The Act has universal jurisdiction its commissariat apply to all Filipino nationals regardless of the place of commission. Jurisdiction also lies when a punishable act is either committed within the Philippines, whether the erring device is wholly or partly situated in the Philippines, or whether damage was through with(p) to any natural or juridical person who at the time of commission was within the Philippines. regional Trial Courts shall have jurisdiction over cases involving violations of the Act. A takedown clause is included in the Act, empowering the department of Justice to restrict and/or demand the removal of content found to be contrary to the provisions of the Act, without the need for a court order. This provision, originally not included in earlier iterations of the Act as it was being deliberated through Congress, was inserted during Senate deliberations on May 31, 2012.6 Complementary to the ta kedown clause is a clause mandating the remembering of data on computer servers for six months afterward the date of transaction, which may be extended for other six months should law enforcement authorities request it.The Act also mandates the National Bureau of Investigation and the Philippine National Police to organize a cybercrime unit, staffed by special investigators whose responsibility will be to simply handle cases pertaining to violations of the Act, under the supervision of the Department of Justice. The unit is empowered to, among others, collect real-time traffic data from Internet service providers with due cause, require the disclosure of computer data within 72 hours after receipt of a court warrant from a service provider, and conduct searches and seizures of computer data and equipment. It also mandates the establishment of special cybercrime courts which will handle cases involving cybercrime offenses (offenses enumerated in Section 4(a) of the Act)